Liver disease is a terrible, angry disease that affects people and animals. Everyone knows the characteristic yellowing of the skin that can occur as someone progresses deeper into liver failure. Although we seem to think of liver disease as mostly affecting people, we do see it in cats and dogs as well.
The liver is an organ with many jobs, including the breakdown of fats, carbohydrates and proteins, storage of vitamins, minerals and fats, and maintaining cells that play a role in normal clot formation. The liver also helps detoxify drugs and other chemicals ingested. Although the liver is susceptible to injury, it is known for its ability to regenerate if there is damage. The liver must be greatly damaged, approximately 2/3 to 3/4 compromised before it will show signs of failure.
Most cats with liver disease will display some combination of not eating, vomiting, diarrhea or fever. Sometimes with our pets we don't identify the early signs of liver disease until they have been present for several weeks, sometimes even months. It is hard to keep track of vomiting or appetite in a cat that goes outdoors. Jaundice (yellow tint to the gums, whites of eyes), fluid accumulation in the abdomen and weight loss are signs of serious disease.
We need to understand what is causing the damage to the liver to be able to determine the appropriate treatment. Blood tests are our main tool for diagnosing liver disease. A blood chemistry panel may show liver enzymes that are generally elevated when the liver is diseased. Inflammation, infection, toxin or drug ingestion, bile duct obstruction and cancer are a few things that can cause elevations. We can also identify decreases in the red blood cells causing an anemia or in the platelets, which can cause spontaneous bleeding.
After blood work is performed, radiographs (X-rays) are useful in determining abnormal liver size or shape and diseases of the gallbladder. Ultrasonography can further help to determine if the problem lies in the bile duct or blood vessels. Irregular densities noted on ultrasound might suggest a tumor. Using the ultrasound and a needle, we are often able to obtain a sample of cells from the liver to get a diagnosis. In some cases, an exploratory surgery with biopsies is required to be able to determine a diagnosis.
Early treatment is important for the greatest success. If no cause can be identified, supportive care is usually started. This often times includes intravenous fluid therapy, antibiotics and nutritional supplements to protect and support the liver. Diet changes also will help preserve liver function. There are a few supplement type medications that have been shown to greatly promote healing of the liver and give it a chance to regenerate. Prognosis of liver disease depends on the underlying cause and your cat's response to therapy.
